Entrepreneurship in East Asia (EALC 320): Writing Guide

Some sources can be considered as primary sources or secondary sources, depending on how the users treat them.

Primary sources are original objects or documents. They include historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, letters, autobiographies, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, art objects, etc.

Secondary sources include interpretations of, or discussions/criticism about certain original material. They can be articles in newspapers or magazines, book or movie reviews, or scholarly articles. To learn more about primary and secondary sources, read:

Ithaca College Library. "Primary and Secondary Sources." Undated. http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary.

KU Writing Center. "Primary vs. Secondary Sources." Last modified July 2011. http://www.writing.ku.edu/~writing/guides/primary.shtml.

University of California Santa Cruz. "Distinguish between Primary and Secondary Sources." Undated. http://guides.library.ucsc.edu/primarysecondary.

Citation management tools allow you to build a database of your references and build your bibliography while writing a research paper. Click here to learn more about citation mangement tools. HOWEVER, please note that these tools are not perfect; you need to manually check to finalize your bibliography.

"Ethics, copyright laws, and courtesy to readers require authors to identify the sources of direct quotations or paraphrases and of any facts or opinions not generally known or easily checked."

---The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, "The Purpose of Source Citations." 

There are several different style manuals. This instruction is based on the style of The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, but please consult with your instructor what manual and style is required for the course.

Click the below to find several citation samples.

For this style of citing, you may not be required to prepare a separate bibliography. If this is the case, full details must be given in a note at first mention of any work cited. And subsequent citations are to be in a short form. Consider the numbers at the left and correspond to the numbers on the note in the text (which is not provided). Some of the sources listed here are also used as samples for footnotes/endnotes in the box above. Additional comments are incerted in red.

1. William M. Tsutsui, Godzilla on My Mind: Fifty Years of the King of Monsters (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 108. (book)

2. Sherry Fowler, Murōji: Rearranging Art and History at the Japanese Buddhist Temple (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2005), 99-100.

3. Eric Rath, “Rural Japan and Agriculture," in A Companion to Japanese History, ed. William M. Tsutsui (Malden, MS: Blackwell, 2007), 480.

4. Ibid., 482.

      COMMENT: The abbreviation "ibid." usually refers to the same work cited in the note immediately preceeding.

5. Ibid.

      COMMENT: You do not need to add a page number after, if it is the same page number as the previous note, and in this case, the fourth note.

6. Maki Kaneko, “New Art Collectives in the Service on the War: the Formation of Art Organizations during the Asia-Pacific War," Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique 21, no. 2 (Spring 2013): 312-313.

7. Eric Rath, Food and Fantasy in Early Modern Japan, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 158.

8. Maki Kaneko, "Under the Banner of the New Order: Uchida Iwao's Responses to the Asia-Pacific War and Japan's Defeat," in Art and War in Japan and its Empire, 1931-1960, eds., Asako Ikeda, Aya Louisa McDonald and Ming Tiampo (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 201.

COMMENT: Note that this source is written by the author in the 6th footnote but is a different work.

9. Rath, Food and Fantasy, 159.

COMMENT: This source is already cited in footnote 7, so shorten the citation and even the title.